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In steam sterilization, moisture plays a crucial role in assisting the penetration of steam into the items being sterilized. The presence of moisture is essential because steam must condense on cooler surfaces to be effective in transferring heat. This process allows for better heat distribution and ensures that all surfaces of the instruments or materials reach the necessary temperature for sterilization to occur.

Without sufficient moisture, the steam cannot effectively penetrate items, especially those with dense structures or multiple layers, leading to ineffective sterilization. The ability of steam to condense and release its latent heat is what kills microorganisms, making moisture vital for achieving a successful sterilization process. Consequently, while temperature, time, and pressure are important factors, it's the assistance in penetration provided by moisture that is crucial in ensuring thorough sterilization.